The Impact Of Settler Colonialism - 1729 Words

Settler colonial theory (SCT) is a means for non-indigenous people to disturb colonial privilege accrued by settler societies from the displacement and suppression of indigenous peoples and their culture (Makoun Strakosch, 2013). Settler colonialism is a distinct form of colonialism that facets by way of the substitute of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a unique identity and sovereignty. Settler colonial states include Canada, the U.S., Australia, and South Africa, and settler colonial concept has been important to finding out conflicts in areas like Israel, Kenya, and Argentina, and in tracing the colonial legacies of empires that engaged in the general groundwork of settlement colonies.†¦show more content†¦The perspective is not merely historical because the settler-colonial ideas continue to influence relations between Euro-Canadian settlers and indigenous peoples (Woolford Benvenuto, 2015). The propositions of settler colonial theory are based on observations of the ontological framework of settler society that casts indigenous groups as a separate nation with practices that justify the denial of indigenous rights. The ideology eventually becomes ingrained in settler society to the point where the racist paradigms are pervasive and operate unconsciously on all levels of interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous society (Denis, 2015). Economic and Social Movement Alliances The economic alliance between Indigenous people and the business community has become more common in the post-TRC and Canada 150 environment. The business alliances generally can be characterized as a paternalistic partnership in which the business organization exogenous to the indigenous community takes the leadership of the alliance despite the common economic objective. An example is the strategic alliances formed by joint ventures between indigenous communities and private corporations in the potash and other mineral extraction industries (Gordon, Kayseas, Moroz, 2017). The non-indigenous business organization contributes capitalShow MoreRelatedEffect of Colonization in Kenya1159 Words   |  5 Pageseffect of colonialism in Kenya This essay analyses the effect of colonialism in Kenya. It explains the depth of colonialism within Kenya’s context and analyses the impact of colonial conquest, the imposition of international and local administrative boundaries. It also examined further the lasting consequences of colonial economic and social policies concerning colonialism in Kenya. This essay gives more explanation that has to do with British colonialism in Kenya. Colonialism developedRead MoreChapter Three : Consequences Of Colonialism1747 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER THREE: CONSEQUENCES OF COLONIALISM. While the motives of colonists in the Americas were various- to build a new society, to promote Christianity, to acquire riches, or, as early colonists in New England expressed it, to secure a ‘competencie’ ; they all faced the same challenges of establishing themselves in an alien environment that would require them readjust and respond to new circumstances. It would be justifiable to submit that the main consequences of colonialism were largely detrimentalRead MoreThe Conflict Between Indians And Indians1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe land has been a site of much conflict between Indians and colonists. From reservations to relocation and everything in between, the treatment of Native people in the United States is intertwined with the varied ways in which both Indians and settlers understood and used land. Moreover, many of the injustices inflicted on Indians stemmed from the federal government’s insistence that Indians operate on the land in a manner consistent with the government’s ideas and desire about what land use oughtRead MoreImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1302 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism and colonialism can affect the way in which an individual experiences the world. Those born into the so-called â€Å"First World† countries have been privileged in that they have not felt the burden of such societal structure, as compared to those born into those â€Å"Second World† countries. These individuals have dealt with the pressures of Westernized society in such a way that their entire way of life has been transformed. Those whose countries hold values of imperialism and colonialism have onlyRead MoreBroader Impact Of Colonization On African Continent Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages Broader Impact of colonization on African Continent According to the dictionary, colonialism may be defined as the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupy it settlers, and exploit it economically. Colonialism between the 1870s and 1900s had a massive impact on African communities. Therefore, I am studying effect of colonialism because I want to find out its impacts in order to understand the transformationRead MoreThe History Of Western Imperialism1129 Words   |  5 Pagescolonies have suffered massive loss of culture through the oppression in the form of assimilation of indigenous people, of resources like silver in Latin America, along with re-appropriation of their spaces to accommodate the presence of the white settlers, North America being a prime example. In today’s post-colonial times—in times where what used to be colonised parts of the world are now independent nations—this history is not forgotten. This history has been a part of formation of present andRead MoreEffects Of Colonial Policies And Practices Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages122-1201 November 20th, 2016 The detrimental impact of colonial policies and practices on â€Å"colonial† and post-colonial Africa. In spite of their independence, African nations continue to face serious economic, social, and military challenges. I claim colonialism served as a significant force that had a detrimental impact on African society, economics, and politics. The Oxford dictionary defines colonialism as the â€Å"policy or practice of acquiring full or partial politicalRead MoreColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora The Kenyan feminist and environmental activist, Wangari Maathai, explores the legacy of colonialism and oppression in her native country through her moving 2006 memoir, Unbowed. Maathai explains that over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Africa experienced a massive influx of white settlers. In an effort to solidify control over recently acquired colonies, many European powers had encouraged large numbers of their ethnicallyRead MoreAn Area Is Not A Simple Process1620 Words   |  7 Pagesother means† (Oxford). It is an action that involves strategy and process. Colonialism is a term that derives from imperialism. Where imperialism s methods connote towards military force, colonialism involves political process and sees the establishing of outposts; settlers often arrive from the colonising country to ensure its preferential political practice. There is more than one authoritative figure involved and colonialism includes the delegation of land over a large area. This was European ImperialismRead MoreMax Webers Theory of Rationalization Applied765 Words   |  3 PagesMax Webers has had a profound impact on sociology his theory of rationalisation and how it has changed social groups and society as a whole over time. According to Campbell (1981) Weber believed that understanding why people do the things they do is the basic building block of sociology, a concept he termed ‘Verstehen’. Weber believed that sociologists should not just study a group of people but also try to gain an empathetic understanding for the individuals in th at group. Weber identified four

Rural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The...

The phenomenon of rapid urbanization in less developed countries and in the absence of extensive industrialization, led to the emergence of illegal settlements and shanty towns, discuss the relationship between urbanization, poverty and development; and use a case study to illustrate the effects of rapid urbanization in LDC’s. Rural-urban migration occurs at varying rates in every country. This paper focuses on the process of rural-urban migration and its influence on urbanization in developing countries. It presents arguments in support of the proposal that rural-urban migration is an inevitable component of the development process, and does not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts with the right mix of policies, this process can occur at a socially acceptable level. However, the misrepresentation of opportunities in favor of cities in most developing countries, the costs associated with rural-urban migration often outweigh the benefits, which lead to excessive urbanization with special emphasis on the causes and consequences of rural-urban migration, and their relationship with urbanization and economic growth. Keeping into consideration the fact that rural-urban migration is an integral part of the development process. Also the paper will give a brief historical background about the rapid urba nization change in developing countries over time and will be applying a case study of a country to illustrate this change. Many developing countries have a recentShow MoreRelatedUrbanization in South America3311 Words   |  14 Pagesdone by: Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Urbanization Process 4 III. Internal Migration and Urbanization 8 IV. Urban Systems 10 V. Conclusion 13 VI. Bibliography 14 I. Introduction Urbanization is likely to be one of the defining phenomena of the 21st Century for Latin America as well as the rest of the developing world. The world as a whole became more urban than rural sometime in 2007, a demographic change that was driven by rapid urbanizationRead MoreLinkages Of Peri Urban Community9971 Words   |  40 PagesLINKAGES OF PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY TO LAGOS MEGACITY: CASE STUDY OF MOWE-IBAFO Names ALABINTEI JOSHUA Matric Number 110503017 Department URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING Faculty ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Institution UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS,AKOKA. Supervisor H.O JIMOH PROJECT, 2015 1.1 INTRODUCTION Peri-urban is a term often used in literature texts concerning town planning and urban growth, yet there is a need to properly define the term andRead MoreA Short Note On Tb And Its Effects On The United States Essay1840 Words   |  8 Pagesand launched the 10-year Infectious and Endemic Disease Control project to curb its TB epidemic in 13 of its 31 mainland provinces. China made sure that the newly created program adopted the TB control strategy that WHO recommended. The five basic components of DOTS were incorporated into the program which were political commitment with increased and sustained financing, case detection through quality-assured bacteriology (it’s a recommended method of TB detection), standardized treatment, with supervisionRead MoreInfrastructure and Rural - Urban Development.5083 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction Infrastructures are basic essential services that should be put in place to enable development to occur. Socio-economic development can be facilitated and accelerated by the presence of social and economic infrastructures. If these facilities and services are not in place, development will be very difficult and in fact can be likened to a very scarce commodity that can only be secured at a very high price and cost. Nigeria PublicRead MoreSustainability: For Our Dear Future Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesresidents, and cut costs simultaneously† (Matt Cole). The inevitable growth of urbanization is among us, but with the capabilities of sustainable cities we counter the effects. Urbanization is often misinterpreted; its not so much of a problem as it may seem after all it is a simply a solution to sustainability. Urbanization has done its deed for national economies, uplifted people’s well-being, reduced poverty and promoted sustainable development, although it also brings serious challenges in many countriesRead MoreIndia s An Imposition Of Western Culture2701 Words   |  11 Pages economic and cultural development, a central component must be an understanding of the colonial context from which these changes have arisen. The British colonial presence in India began in 1772 with limited trading in Bengal province under the guise of the English East India Company and expanded to direct rule and full colonization by the British Empire in 1858. The British colonization of India had a detrimental impact on the social, economic and political development of the nation and as isRead MoreSocial and Cultural Environment in Malaysia1785 Words   |  8 Pagesdefinitely how the variations and diversifications birthed out. The history stated that in the 1950s, the rapid process of economic development and urbanization that took place throughout the country which is after the independence had led to a massive migration of people from rural villages to urban and newly growth areas. These immigrants soon became new urban dwellers and gradually adopted urban cultures and lifestyles. There and then, each race began to understand one another. Malaysia with its multiculturalismRead MoreAnalysis Of Colonialist Discourse And Its Effects On Countries Underdeveloped Through Colonial Rule3442 Words   |  14 Pagesits own people. Even now, new International Monetary Fund loans require Haiti to raise electricity prices and freeze public sector pay in a country where most people live on less than two dollars a day. When Aristide was elected on a platform of development and social justice, he attempted to break free of the structural adjustment policies by aiming to protect food production and raise minimum wage. His challenge to Haiti s oligarchy and its American investment failed due t heavy resistance fromRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreOfw Remittances- an Economic Booster10937 Words   |  44 Pagesdecades. Remittance Transfer could either be domestic or could be International. If the money is remitted within the same country then it is said to be Domestic. It is believed that almost ten percent of the population of the world is a part of the process of remittance. The majority of the remittance receivers are poor individuals, thus remittance leads to better economic conditions and in many parts of India for the Indian families, the sole bread earners work abroad and hence the remittance that

Death Penalty Essay Against Example For Students

Death Penalty Essay Against Illinois, Citing Faulty Verdicts, Bars ExecutionsBy DIRK JOHNSON SPRINGFIELD, IL (AP) Citing a shameful record of convicting innocent people and putting them on death row, Gov. George Ryan of Illinois today halted all executions in the state, the first such moratorium in the nation. Governor Ryan, a moderate Republican who supports the death penalty but questions its administration, noted that 13 men had been sentenced to death in Illinois since 1977 for crimes they did not commit, before ultimately being exonerated and freed by the courts. I cannot support a system, which, in its administration, has proven so fraught with error, he said, and has come so close to the ultimate nightmare, the states taking of innocent life. Opponents of the death penalty, who said mistaken convictions like those discovered in Illinois were common throughout the nation, hailed the move. Since 1973, 85 people have been found to be innocent and released from death row. The Nebraska Legislature passed a mo ratorium on executions last year, citing concerns of racial disparity in sentencing, but the governor vetoed it. Bills that would halt executions are pending in 12 states. In Oregon, an anti-death-penalty group led by Mark Hatfield, a former Republican senator and governor, hopes to put a measure on the ballot that would eliminate executions and instead provide for sentences of life without parole. More than 600 inmates have been put to death since 1977, when the Supreme Court allowed the reinstatement of the death penalty. The death penalty is on the law books in 38 states. The Midwest has traditionally been a center of opposition to the death penalty. It is not allowed in Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota or Wisconsin. In Illinois, about 150 inmates are on death row; none had an execution date. Governor Ryans announcement of a moratorium met with little public criticism here, a measure of how public outrage over the wrongful convictions has changed the political landscape on the issue in this state. Until I can be sure that everyone sentenced to death in Illinois is truly guilty, until I can be sure with moral certainty that no innocent man or woman is facing a lethal injection, no one will meet that fate, the governor said. Mr. Ryan resisted calls for a moratorium last year, but he said that continuing evidence of flaws in the system, including still more reversals of convictions, had persuaded him to impose a moratorium. One of the leading voices for a moratorium has been that of Mayor Richard M. Daley of Chicago, who, while he was Cook County States Attorney in the 1980s, prosecuted some of the death penalty cases that later were overturned. Mayor Daley now contends that prosecutors did nothing improper in these cases but that defense lawyers were often poorly financed and sometimes incompetent. In nine of the reversed Illinois cases, students and professors at Northwestern University unearthed pivotal evidence that freed the men from death row. Law rence Marshall, a law professor at Northwestern who is director of the Center for Wrongful Convictions at the university, said that the mistakes unearthed in Illinois surely existed in other states. This should not be seen as an Illinois problem, Professor Marshall said. What happened here is that we got lucky in the first few cases, and found the evidence? After that, people were more willing to take a second look at other cases. The willingness in Illinois to examine such cases, Mr. Marshall said, means that letters from inmates protesting innocence are not ignored. The political climate has changed here, he said. There has been an astonishing recognition that innocent people are being sent to death row. So now people are re-examining cases in Illinois that would not be re-examined in other states. While Illinois seems to have become a center of debate over the death penalty, the issue is gaining resonance around the nation, after many years in which it was seen as essentially a d ead letter in American politics. Besides the halt on executions here, and the vetoed moratorium in Nebraska, the death penalty has been the focus of intense scrutiny in Florida and other states. Last year, in a visit to the United States, Pope John Paul II called on Catholics to oppose the death penalty. And a new movie, Hurricane, examines the life of a man, Rubin Carter, who was sent to death row for a crime he did not commit. People are starting to raise more concerns about the death penalty, said Steven Hawkins, the executive director of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Its becoming obvious that mistakes can be made, and innocent people can be sent to death row. While the wrongful convictions in Illinois have generated intense scrutiny and debate, Florida has had 18-death row cases reversed, the most of any state. Governor Ryan, who said he would appoint a panel to study death penalty sentences, heads the Illinois campaign for Gov. George W. Bush of Texas, th e state that executes more people than any other. I believe that a public dialogue must begin on the question of fairness of the application of the death penalty in Illinois, Mr. Ryan said. In about a year as governor, Mr. Ryan has taken some actions that have put him at odds with conservatives in his party. He has called for strict gun control, expressed support for the civil rights of gays and traveled to Cuba and met with Fidel Castro. Some suburban and downstate lawmakers complain that Mr. Ryan has maintained too cozy a political relationship with Mayor Daley, a Democrat. Mr. Ryan has lately been beleaguered by an investigation into a bribery scandal at drivers license bureaus that occurred during his watch as the Illinois secretary of state. While Mr. Ryan has not been charged with wrongdoing, one of his top aides is expected to be indicted. Seventeen people have pleaded guilty to taking bribes to fix drivers license exams, and some of the money went to Mr. Ryans campaign. Sinc e 1977, Illinois has executed 12 inmates, the most recent in March 1999, the lethal injection of Andrew Kokoraleis, and a suburban Chicago man who had been convicted of an especially grisly murder. The Cook County States Attorneys Office has instituted special internal reviews for all cases that would be eligible for the death penalty. The prosecutors office, which is headed by Richard Devine, a Democrat, has not called for an execution date since April 1998. David Erickson, the first assistant states attorney, said the governors call for a moratorium was appropriate. The easy thing would have been to finger-point, and the governor did not do that, Mr. Erickson said. If something has fallen apart here, it is a systemic problem. .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .postImageUrl , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:hover , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:visited , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:active { border:0!important; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:active , .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843 .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99bfa2ecccce166dffebbe0d111e6843:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Case for Microsoft Essay

Social Interaction in Everyday Life Essay Example

Social Interaction in Everyday Life Essay Social Interaction in Everyday Life Social interaction: the process by which people act and react in relation to others. Status: a social position a person holds Status set: all of the statuses that person holds at any given time Ascribed status: a social position that someone receives at birth or assumes involuntarily later on in life. Achieved status: a social position that someone assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and effort Master status: a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life Role: behaviour expected of someone who holds a certain status Role set: a number set of roles attached to a single status Role Conflict: conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses Role Strain: tension among the roles connected to a single status Social construction of reality: the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction Thomas Theorem: situations we define as real become real in their consequences Ethnomethodology: the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings Dramaturgical Analysis: the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance Presentation of self: a person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others Non-verbal communication: communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech. Personal Space: the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy Every person has many statuses at once, for example a teenage girl is not only a daughter to her parents but also a sister, a student, and a goalie on her hockey team. These statuses can change gradually over time, for example as this girl grows up she will become a wife, a graduate, a lawyer and a parent. People over a lifetime can grow to have many statuses. Some of these statuses are ascribed meaning that they are something given to you without a choice being given, such as being a daughter. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Interaction in Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Interaction in Everyday Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Interaction in Everyday Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Whereas some are achieved statuses meaning they are earned, like being a graduate from university. But there are some statuses that have more importance than others, these are called master statuses; these are statuses that influence and shape a person’s life. Roles are the behaviour that is expected of a person of a certain status. For example, being a mother includes not only being affectionate and loving your children but it also includes giving discipline and structure to the child’s life. These roles can be different due to circumstances and cultures. When a person who has a status, they also have a role set, which is a set of different roles that are linked to one status. At times, there are issues with people’s roles; there are times when roles can cause problems between multiple statuses, the term for that is called role conflict. Role strain is when there are issues between the roles of one status. People can â€Å"exit† roles as well, as people grow the can change their roles and create new ones. Dramaturgical analysis, created by Erving Goffman, is an analogy in which we are viewed like directors or viewers watching a play of everyday life. Each person’s performance is a performance of oneself. Non-verbal communication (NVC) is when people communicate with talking. Some examples would be like smiling and winking. Eye contact is another element of NVC, such as people lying, they tend to look away. Emotions are extremely important to people’s lives. There are six basic emotions: sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust and surprise. Emotions are guided not only by a biological basis, but also by cultural differences as well. Culture can determine the â€Å"trigger† for emotion. Culture is also a determinant of whether you decided whether a certain event is something sad or something happy. Culture not only is a determinant but it also regulates the value of emotion and whether it is proper to show emotion in public. Language is a crucial key to social interaction; it’s what allows us to communicate basic needs and the deeper meanings to things.

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Origins and Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Origins and Exchanges along the Silk Roads Free Online Research Papers Almost no where in history can one find material and cultural exchange that rivals that which was present on the Silk Roads during their prime years of use. The scale of this exchange was so grand that the routes themselves spanned all the way from China to the Roman Empire, with branches even stretching into the north (Stockwell 14). With so much distance covered, many people of different ethnicities, religions and cultures were incorporated into this massive trade network. The trafficking of goods facilitated interaction between these groups of people, thus fostering cultural exchange as well. Along the Silk Roads, one could find amazing material trade and cultural mingling that connected civilizations thousands of miles apart, affecting those involved in dynamic ways. The exchanges along the Silk Roads gave China a valuable influx of new perspectives and cultures that it had never had access to before. The term â€Å"Silk Roads† was never used by the people who actually traveled the trade routes; it was in fact coined by a German geographer named Von Richthofen in the 19th century. He was the first westerner to realize the significance and interconnectedness of these ancient roads, and felt compelled to name them. He christened them for their most precious Chinese commodity, hence the now common name: the Silk Roads (Sinor 1). Although interactions between the East and West may have occurred on a minute scale previously, it wasn’t until the Northern Silk Road began to develop around 138 B.C.E. that trade really took off. This particular route started at present day Xi’an and traveled through the Western Corridor beyond the Yellow River before reaching Xingjian, Uzbekistan, Iran, and Iraq, where it finally met the western border of the Roman Empire. This route was the most heavily traveled at first, and it was utilized for over a thousand years (Stockwell 14) . A second trade route existed by sea, beginning at the ports of Xuwen and Hepu in southern China. After passing through the Malacca Strait, this course ended in Burma. Sea routes had some advantages over land routes because ships could carry much heavier loads and the trips were often quicker. However, ships had to beware pirate attacks and brutal storms at sea. This path was very significant, for it connected China to Japan, Korea and the Philippines. This sea route was used so often that the Chinese government even set up the Bureau of Merchant Shipping in the 8th century in order to monitor the imports and exports. Appointed officials used their discretion to regulate and tax imports in order to benefit the Chinese economy as well as to prevent the export of illicit materials (Stockwell 14). An important third branch of the Silk Roads existed in southwestern China. This branch sprouted from Chengdu in Sichuan Province and went through Yunnan, Burma, India, Afghanistan, and Russia. Here, it joined the Northern Silk Road at Mary in Turkmenistan. It was along this road that gold, silk, and precious stones were first traded between China, India, Burma, the Middle East, and Africa (Stockwell 15). These three branches of the Silk Roads provided the means for most of the trade that occurred in central Asia during this time period. Although these roads existed, and trade was occurring on a fairly large scale, China remained unaware of their existence. It wasn’t until 139 B.C.E., when the Han Emperor Wu Di sent Zhang Qian to the west, that a Chinese person came upon the Silk Roads. Until this point in time, China remained isolated from the outside world. Zhang’s journey to the west opened new doors for cultural exchange on a massive level that the Chinese had never experienced before. Zhang Qian was sent on a mission to contract an alliance with a nomadic tribe called the Yuezhi, but he failed. He was captured by the Xiongnu, long term enemies of the Chinese. As he roamed about with his captors, Zhang learned much about the lands neighboring China, and after he escaped he continued on his journey. His travels took him as far west as India, and he was amazed at what he found. Zhang Qian discovered merchants selling Chinese goods along these great routes in places that no Chinese person had ever bee n. Once he finally found the Yuezhi, they were not interested in forming an alliance, and upon his return journey, Zhang Qian was once again captured by the Xiongnu. He was eventually able to escape a second time and returned to China after thirteen years of traveling (Foltz 2). Wu Di was captivated by Zhang Qian’s tales of foreign lands and the extensive opportunity for trade. In only a few years, Chinese merchants were regularly following the Silk Roads west, and for nearly twenty years, this trade prospered under Wu Di (3). Once China discovered the Silk Roads’ existence, trade between East and West flourished on a whole new level. China began extensive trade once it first utilized the Silk Roads, but they really became a powerhouse when they took over the eastern portion of the trade routes. In 104 and 102 B.C.E., a Han general led expeditions to the Pamir Mountains to subdue the Ferghana, thus gaining lordship over the area. Those native to the area accepted Chinese rule because Chinese garrisons protected the trade routes from marauding bandits (Ebrey 61). With more control over the Silk Roads, Chinese trade with the West exploded. For the first time, China was right on the forefront of trade. New food substances brought to China by the Silk Roads included walnuts, pomegranates, sesame, and coriander (61). Other imports included dates, saffron powder, pistachio nuts, frankincense, aloes, myrrh, sandalwood, and even glass. China exported iron, spices, lacquer ware and porcelain, but silk was always its most valuable commodity (Stockwell 14). In fact, so much silk was purchased in Rome during the Augustan Age that Roman writers such as Pliny began to protest that Rome was spending far too much money on foreign imports. Some Romans even began to criticize women for their particular preference of silk over other clothes, proclaiming that silk was an immodest and excessive indulgence that would bankrupt the state (15). Without the Silk Roads, China would have remained relatively isolated for a much longer period of time, thus missing out on the beneficial material trade. Trade over the Northern Silk Road reached its greatest height during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). The extent of trade that occurred during this time period was enormous; the imperial gardens of the Tang were said to be full of such exotic birds as rare herons, tufted ducks, peacocks, and hunting hawks, while the warehouses were full of ice to store the imported fruit (15). This trade was made possible by the use of the Bactrian camel. With its thick, coarse fur, it could withstand the frigid temperatures often encountered along the Silk Roads, and each camel could carry approximately 500 pounds (Ebrey 61). More than material goods were exchanged via the Silk Roads. Many cultural exchanges occurred as well. The imperial capital at Xi’an experienced a constant flow of foreign merchants, and ethnic minorities from some of these foreigners are still present in China today. These merchants brought with them new perspectives, music, art, and skills, thus enriching and diversifying Chinese culture. In the absence of the Silk Roads, China would have lost out on many significant additions to its culture (Stockwell 15). Another one of the largest cultural exchanges was that of language. It was through spoken language that people from different civilizations communicated their beliefs, ideas, and general viewpoints about the world. Therefore, language provided a vehicle for cultural mingling on a massive scale. An amazing variety of languages were used along the Silk Roads, with the total number soaring around seventeen (Sinor 3). According to Sinor, â€Å"The many multilingual inscriptions to be found in the lands crossed by the Silk Roads testify to the linguistic diversity of the peoples living along them and, at the same time, to the political or religious need to address them in their own tongue (6).† Although there were many people who became multilingual, most tradesmen, lacking the time or skills to learn other languages, made use of interpreters. Interpreters were of high value and paid handsomely for their skills. Many caravans would not travel without several linguists in their com pany (7). Arguably the most important exchange along the Silk Roads was not made in material goods or in language, but in religion, for it is was along the Silk Roads that Buddhism made its way into China. The two major Buddhist schools on the Silk Roads were Dharmaguptakas and Sarvastivadins, but Mahayana Buddhism gained strength in regions such as Khotan, and quickly replaced the others (Foltz 39). Buddhist monks probably reached Khotan on the southern loop of the Silk Roads skirting the Takla Makan desert in the first century, and the king of Khotan sponsored many Buddhist schools (Foltz 48). The kings of this time period recognized that spiritual acceptance would attract a greater number of people and therefore be beneficial for business and trade, so they were extremely tolerant of Buddhism. In the first half of the first century, the Han Dynasty pushed into central Asia in search of the fine horses bred there, and China gained control of the eastern part of the Silk Roads (49). Once the Chinese merchants came into contact with foreign merchants who practiced Buddhism along the Silk Roads, the base for Buddhism in China was born. Soon, central Asian and Chinese monks were translating Buddhist sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese (Ebrey 69). This massive translation spurred the spread of Buddhism throughout East Asia, including Korea and Japan (70). This spread of religion along the Silk Roads shows how, when different civilizations collide, ideas and beliefs are shared, and may even become deeply rooted in the cultures of each group. China today, for example, still has a large Buddhist population. Here, one can see that cultural exchange that occurred thousands of years ago still has an echo in modern times. It is almost inconceivable that thousands of years ago, people were engaging in trade on such a massive level, but the Silk Roads did in fact allow for huge amounts of cross-cultural trade. Of course, material goods were exchanged, but even more importantly, cultures interacted and influenced one another. Languages and religions were spread along with general understandings of other cultures. These amazing trade routes crossed thousands of miles and the huge continent of Asia, uniting civilizations that were worlds apart. The Silk Roads hold great significance for China. It was via these trade routes that China received its first massive flood of new material goods and cultural perspectives, thus breaking its isolation. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais. Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800 A Cultural, Social, and Political History. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Foltz, Richard C. Religions of the Silk Roads: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1961. Sinor, Denis. â€Å"Language and Cultural Interchange along the Silk Roads.† Diogenes Fall 1995: 1-12. Stockwell, Foster. Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times through the Present. London: McFarland, 2003. 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How To Build An Effective Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How To Build An Effective Team - Essay Example Development of the employer-employee affiliation is significant to both parties for quite a few motives (McShane & Glinow, 2004, Pp 415-417). 2. Secondly, employees might discover that improved moral performance on their part in fact fallout in advanced reimbursement. For example, many organizations are concerned in connection with marketing, which is the procedure of generating and upholding lasting dealings with customers. Connections marketing, which can help an organization add to its income, necessitate the collaboration of employees. Employees that execute their jobs carefully and industriously are often pleased with elevated pays. 3. Thirdly, even if there is no substance increase, morally suitable behavior provides wisdom of complacency. So, it is beneficial for each organization to uphold elevated principled values and thus promote confidence among an organization and its employees. Organizational Behavior organizations or companies have been illustrated as groups of people who work mutually dependent headed for various reasons. This description evidently specifies that organizations are not structures or parts of any mechanism. Organizations are, certainly, people who work together to achieve communal purposes. The learning of organizational Behavior (OB) and its associated topics assist us to comprehend what people believe, sense and do in managerial surroundings. There are quantities of behavioral regulations that supply to OB: psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. There are a lot of disputes and chances today for managers to use OB perceptions. One of the mainly significant and multi-ethnic confronts facing organizations at present is developing a new team. Organizations are becoming more diverse in provisions of gender, race, and ethnicity. Keeping in consideration the ideas of OB permits organization to make possib le the needs of developing a new team. Characteristics For Building A New Team 1. Supervisors, managers and association personnel members generally discover ways to progress business consequences and productivity. Many view team-support as the most excellent plan for linking all employees in generating trade accomplishment. No matter what one calls its team-support development attempt: incessant development, totality of quality, bend over manufacturing or self-aimed at work teams one is determined to get better consequences for its customers. 2. Considering diverse kinds of people and probable behaviors to contract with them permits a manager to choose the management style and techniques most suitable to their circumstances to build an effective team. 3. Research on performance of employees in an association could assist in choosing and guiding founded on there experienced prospective to execute the job. 4. Employees performance aids in make a decision of wages rates, founding presentation standards, work scheduling, allocation of work according to persons capability and locating to-do list when building a team.